Scientific publications based on HIAD
The conceptual framework at the base of HIAD
C. Kirchsteiger, A. L. Vetere Arellano, and E. Funnemark, “Towards establishing an International Hydrogen Incidents and Accidents Database (HIAD)”, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., vol. 20, pp. 98–107, Jan. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2006.10.004.
A 2012 snapshot of the state of development of HIAD 1.0:
M. C. Galassi et al., “HIAD – hydrogen incident and accident database”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, pp. 17351–17357, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.06.018.
An introduction to HIAD 2.0:
D. Melideo, E. Weidner, P. Moretto, and F. Dolci, “HIAD - Hydrogen Incident and Accident Database”, in 53rd ESReDA Seminar, Enhancing Safety: the Challenge of Foresight , 14-15 November 2017, Ispra, Italy, European Safety, Reliability & Data Association, 2017.
D. Melideo, P. Moretto, and J. Wen, “HIAD 2.0 - Hydrogen Incidents and Accidents database”, in International Conference on Hydrogen Safety ICHS 2019, 21-23 Septemebr 2019, Adelaide, Australia, 2019.
The European Hydrogen Safety Panel assessment of all HIAD 2.0 data:
J. X. Wen et al., “Statistics, lessons learned and recommendations from analysis of HIAD 2.0 database”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, pp. 17082–17096, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.170.
A complete assessment of HIAD 2.0 data from an inspection & maintenance perspective:
A. Campari et al., “Lessons learned from HIAD 2.0: Inspection and maintenance to avoid hydrogen-induced material failures”, Comput. Chem. Eng., vol. 173, p. 108199, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108199.
An analysis of refuelling station safety based on HIAD 2.0:
E. Badia, J. Navajas, R. Sala, N. Paltrinieri, and H. Sato, “Analysis of Hydrogen Value Chain Events: Implications for Hydrogen Refueling Stations’ Safety”, Safety, no. 2, 2024, doi: 10.3390/safety10020044.
An analysis of data and tools available taken from a QRA point of view:
M. West, A. Al-Douri, K. Hartmann, W. Buttner, and K. M. Groth, “Critical review and analysis of hydrogen safety data collection tools”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, pp. 17845–17858, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.244.
An AI framework methodology applied to HIAD 2.1:
J. B. Macedo et al., “Simultaneous Prediction of Causes and Consequences in Hydrogen-Related Accidents Using Transformer-Based Multi-Task Learning”, in ESREL SRA-E 2025, 2025, pp. 1179–1184. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3_esrel-sra-e2025-p3665-cd.
In this INERIS report, Chapter 4.2 provides a comparison among the sources of information available on hydrogen incidents.
INERIS, “La maîtrise des risques liés aux nouvelles applications de l’hydrogène - Panorama des enjeux et des défis à relever pour un déploiement sûr de la filière hydrogène”, 2025, ineris.fr/sites/default/files/contribution/COP-Jalon 1-Maitrise-des-risques-H2 v1.pdf
A Bayesian approach applied to HIAD 2.1:
J. Xing, J. Qian, R. Peng, and E. Zio, “Physics-informed data-driven Bayesian network for the risk analysis of hydrogen refueling stations”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 110, pp. 371–385, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.110.
An algorithm based on a OpenAI tool using HIAD 2.1:
G. Tabella et al., “Enhancement of a Hydrogen Incident and Accident Database Using Large Language Models”, in Proc. ofthe 33rd European Safety and Reliability & 33th Society for Risk Analysis Europe Conference, 2025, pp. 1185–192. doi: 10.3850/978-981-94-3281-3
Selected scientific publications which used HIAD data:
2026
A. Pitois, E. Smedberg, R. Kleine, P. Moretto and B. Acosta Iborra, “Integrity and safety of repurposed hydrogen pipelines in the European Union”, Hydrogen Safety, vol. 3, p. 150-162, 2026, doi: 10.58895/hysafe.56.
M. M. Issa and S. M. Hoseyni, “Root cause analysis of a hydrogen storage explosion: A combined BowTie-Tripod approach applied to the Gangneung incident”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 210, p. 153678, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153678.
B. Sun and M. H. Vilcassim, “A comprehensive review of process risk management in compressed hydrogen storage for refuelling stations”, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., vol. 101, p. 105970, 2026, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2026.105970.
2025
S. Asante-Okyere, R. A. Mensah, J. Sandström, and M. Försth, “Risk and safety assessment of hydrogen pipelines and storage tanks using preliminary hazard analysis”, Front. Chem. Eng., vol. 7, pp. 1–12, 2025, doi: 10.3389/fceng.2025.1722173.
Y. Li, J. Torero, and A. Guibaud, “Differentiating hydrogen-driven hazards from conventional failure modes in hydrogen infrastructure”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 183, p. 151155, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151155.
J. Navajas et al., “A comprehensive analysis of hydrogen refuelling station incidents: Unveiling contributing factors”, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., vol. 97, p. 105698, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105698.
M. Simonetto, J. A. Pascoe, and A. Sharpanskykh, “Preliminary Safety Assessment of a Liquid Hydrogen Storage System for Commercial Aviation”, Safety, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–29, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390/safety11010027.
Y. Yao et al., “Hydrogen energy industry in China: The current status, safety problems, and pathways for future safe and healthy development”, Saf. Sci., vol. 186, p. 106808, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106808.
2024
A. Al-Douri and K. M. Groth, “Hydrogen production via electrolysis: State-of-the-art and research needs in risk and reliability analysis”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 63, pp. 775–785, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.03.188.
R. Alfasfos, J. Sillman, and R. Soukka, “Lessons learned and recommendations from analysis of hydrogen incidents and accidents to support risk assessment for the hydrogen economy”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 60, pp. 1203–1214, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.226.
A. Al Wahedi and Y. Bicer, “Comprehensive risk assessment of a renewables-based stand-alone electric vehicle charging station with multiple energy storage technologies”, Energy Storage, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1–24, 2024, doi: 10.1002/est2.587.
C. Ayi, E. Sripaul, S. Vaddiraju, and F. Khan, “Is hydrogen ignition data from literature practically observed?”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 89, pp. 746–759, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.269.
G. Battisti, A. Di Padova, R. Miglionico, F. Tallone, and V. Cozzani, “Application of Quantitative Risk Assessment to Hydrogen Transport Plants”, Chem. Eng. Trans. , vol. 111, no. March, pp. 415–420, 2024, doi: 10.3303/CET24111070.
L. M. Carluccio, A. Gritti, and L. Pellegrini, “Beyond HazOp: Modelling of HILP (High Intensity Low Probability) Scenarios in Hydrogen Production and Storage Plants”, Chem. Eng. Trans. , vol. 111, no. July, pp. 397–402, 2024, doi: 10.3303/CET24111067.
L. Claussner and F. Ustolin, “System Resilience of a Liquid Hydrogen Terminal During Loading and Unloading Operations”, IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 359–364, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.08.147.
A. Jimenez and K. M. Groth, “Hazards associated with pressure relief devices in hydrogen systems”, J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., vol. 91, no. June, p. 105380, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2024.105380.
A. Khanal, N. Chaudhary, B. Pandey, and B. S. Thapa, “Review of Hydrogen-Related Accidents: Root Causes, Mitigation Strategies, and Recommendations for secure utilization”, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 1385, 2024, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1385/1/012022.
Y. F. Tuhi, M. Bucelli, and Y. Liu, “International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Technical failures in green hydrogen production and reliability engineering responses : Insights from database analysis and a literature review”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 94, pp. 608–625, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.129.
S. E. Wismer, A. Jimenez, A. Al-Douri, V. Grabovetska, and K. M. Groth, “PEM electrolyzer failure scenarios identified by failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 89, pp. 1280–1289, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.397.
2023
OECD, “Risk-based Regulatory Design for the Safe Use of Hydrogen”, 2023. doi: 10.1787/46d2da5e-en, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/risk-based-regulatory-design-for-the-safe-use-of-hydrogen_46d2da5e-en.html
X. Yu, D. Kong, X. He, and P. Ping, “Risk Analysis of Fire and Explosion of Hydrogen-Gasoline Hybrid Refueling Station Based on Accident Risk Assessment Method for Industrial System”, Fire, vol. 6, no. 5, 2023, doi: 10.3390/fire6050181.
Selected industrial incidents databases of relevance for hydrogen technologies
1. Europe-based databases
ARIA - Analyse, Recherche, Information sur les Accidents
French Ministry of Environment, Bureau for Analysis of Industrial Risks and Pollutions
ARIA - La référence du retour d'expérience sur accidents technologiques
All types of incidents, accidents and near misses deleterious to human health, public safety or environment. It covers several decades and the whole world, with a focus on French events.
eMARS
European Commission, Joint Research Centre
EUROPA - eMARS Dashboard - European Commission
Chemical accidents and near misses provided to the Major Accident Hazards Bureau (MAHB) of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC). The link is valid till end 2026.
ZEMA - Zentrale Melde- und Auswertestelle für Störfälle und Störungen in verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen
German central reporting and evaluation office for major accidents and incidents in process facilities
https://www.infosis.uba.de/index.php/en/zema/index.html
ASN - Autorité de Securité Nucleare
French nuclear authority.
Specific on the role of hydrogen in nuclear technologies. It maintains a public list of all its investigations of accidents.
MHIDAS - Major Hazard Incident Data Service
UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
https://www.icheme.org/knowledge/safety-centre/resources/accident-data/
Industrial chemical accidents occurred worldwide (the majority are UK-related). Since 2000 discontinued, available as pdf file from the Institution of Chemical Engineers ICHEME.
2. US-based databases & repositories
H2TOOLS - Lessons Learned Database
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
Lessons Learned | H2tools | Hydrogen Tools
Specific on hydrogen technologies and systems. It contains incident reports voluntarily submitted
PHMSA database
US Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration:
PHMSA Data and Statistics | PHMSA
It contains several decades of hazardous materials transports incidents
OHSA - US Occupational Safety and Health Administrationhttps://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/accidentsearch.html
Repository for OHSA investigation summaries, in response to a fatality or catastrophe. The summaries provide a description of the incident, and causal factors. US-based.
CBS - US Chemical Hazard Investigation Boardhttps://www.csb.gov/investigations/completed-investigations/?Type=2
The industrial chemical accidents investigated by CSB are available in repository US-
NRC - US Nuclear Reactors Commission
US Regulator of commercial nuclear power plants and other uses of nuclear materials.
https://www.nrc.gov/reactors.html
Specific on the role of hydrogen in nuclear technologies. It maintains a public list of all its investigations of accidents.
3. Japan-based databases & repositories
KHK database
The High Pressure Gas Institute of Japan
Accident Information | High Pressure Gas Safety Association
It covers several decades of incidents involving compressed gases.
JST failures database
Japanese Association for the Study of Failures
https://www.shippai.org/fkd/index.php
It contains (mostly Japanese) industrial events till 2005. Now discontinued.
RISCAD - Relational Information System for Chemical Accidents Database
Japanese Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and technology
https://riss.aist.go.jp/sanpo/riscad/
This Japanese chemical industry accidents database is offline since several years. It publishes nevertheless updates on events.
